2026 年第 2 期 第 21 卷

突触可塑性在睡眠障碍介导认知障碍中的作用机制研究进展

Research progress on the mechanism of synaptic plasticity in cognitive impairment mediated by sleep disorders

作者：孙乙紫1顾小萍1,2

英文作者：Sun Yizi1 Gu Xiaoping1，2

单位：1南京大学医学院，南京210093；2南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院麻醉科，南京210008

英文单位：1Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing 210093 China; 2Department of Anesthesiology the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing 210008 China

关键词：认知障碍；睡眠障碍；突触；突触可塑性

英文关键词：Cognitiveimpairment;Sleepdisorders;Synapses;Synapticplasticity

• 摘要：

• 睡眠障碍和认知障碍现已成为不可忽视的公共卫生问题。流行病学数据表明，睡眠障碍是认知障碍的重要风险因素，但其机制不清。综合多研究发现，睡眠障碍可能通过调节突触相关信号通路，干扰胶质细胞突触修剪功能，导致神经递质及受体系统失衡，扰乱正常的神经振荡，损害突触可塑性，进而削弱海马、前额叶皮层等认知相关脑区的信息处理与环路整合能力，最终表现为以记忆障碍为主的认知功能缺陷。因此，阐明睡眠障碍如何影响突触可塑性，是揭示其诱发认知障碍机制的关键环节。本文将从上述角度进行综述，为理解睡眠障碍导致认知障碍的突触可塑性机制提供全面视角。

• Sleep disorders and cognitive impairment have become non-negligible public health issues. Epidemiological data indicate that sleep disorders are an important risk factor for cognitive impairment, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Comprehensive studies have shown that sleep disorders may regulate synapse-related signaling pathways, interfere with the synaptic pruning function of glial cells, induce an imbalance in neurotransmitter and receptor systems, disrupt normal neural oscillations, and impair synaptic plasticity. These effects further weaken the information processing and circuit integration capabilities of cognition-related brain regions such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, ultimately manifesting as cognitive deficits dominated by memory impairment. Therefore, clarifying how sleep disorders affect synaptic plasticity is a key link in revealing the mechanism of sleep disorder-induced cognitive impairment. This review will discuss the aforementioned aspects, aiming to provide a comprehensive perspective for understanding the synaptic plasticity mechanism underlying cognitive impairment caused by sleep disorders.